熔斷器（fuse）是指(zhi)當(dang)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)超過(guo)規定(ding)值時(shi)，以(yi)本身產生的(de)(de)熱(re)量使熔(rong)體(ti)(ti)熔(rong)斷，斷開電(dian)路的(de)(de)一種(zhong)電(dian)器(qi)。熔(rong)斷器(qi)是根據電(dian)流(liu)(liu)超過(guo)規定(ding)值一段時(shi)間后，以(yi)其(qi)自身產生的(de)(de)熱(re)量使熔(rong)體(ti)(ti)熔(rong)化，從而(er)使電(dian)路斷開；運用(yong)(yong)這種(zhong)原(yuan)理(li)制(zhi)成的(de)(de)一種(zhong)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)保護器(qi)。熔(rong)斷器(qi)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于高低壓配電(dian)系統和控制(zhi)系統以(yi)及(ji)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)設備中，作為短(duan)路和過(guo)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)保護器(qi)，是應(ying)用(yong)(yong)普遍的(de)(de)保護器(qi)件(jian)之(zhi)一。
利用金屬導體作(zuo)為(wei)熔體串聯于電(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，當過載或短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)流通(tong)過熔體時，因其自身發熱而(er)熔斷，從而(er)分斷電(dian)路(lu)(lu)的一種電(dian)器(qi)。熔斷器(qi)結構(gou)簡單，使用方便，廣泛用于電(dian)力系統、各種電(dian)工設備(bei)和家(jia)用電(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)作(zuo)為(wei)保護器(qi)件。
熔(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)主要由(you)熔(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)、外(wai)殼和(he)(he)支座3部(bu)分(fen)組成，其(qi)中熔(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)是控制(zhi)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)特性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵元件。熔(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料、尺寸(cun)和(he)(he)形狀(zhuang)(zhuang)決定了(le)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)特性(xing)。熔(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)材(cai)(cai)料分(fen)為低(di)熔(rong)(rong)點和(he)(he)高(gao)(gao)熔(rong)(rong)點兩類。低(di)熔(rong)(rong)點材(cai)(cai)料如(ru)鉛和(he)(he)鉛合(he)金，其(qi)熔(rong)(rong)點低(di)容易熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)，由(you)于(yu)其(qi)電阻(zu)率較大(da)，故制(zhi)成熔(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)截面尺寸(cun)較大(da)，熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)時(shi)(shi)產生的(de)(de)(de)金屬蒸氣(qi)較多(duo)，只適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)低(di)分(fen)斷(duan)(duan)能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器。高(gao)(gao)熔(rong)(rong)點材(cai)(cai)料如(ru)銅(tong)、銀，其(qi)熔(rong)(rong)點高(gao)(gao)，不容易熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)，但由(you)于(yu)其(qi)電阻(zu)率較低(di)，可制(zhi)成比低(di)熔(rong)(rong)點熔(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)較小的(de)(de)(de)截面尺寸(cun)，熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)時(shi)(shi)產生的(de)(de)(de)金屬蒸氣(qi)少(shao)，適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)高(gao)(gao)分(fen)斷(duan)(duan)能(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器。熔(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)形狀(zhuang)(zhuang)分(fen)為絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)和(he)(he)帶(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)兩種。改變(bian)(bian)變(bian)(bian)截面的(de)(de)(de)形狀(zhuang)(zhuang)可改變(bian)(bian)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)特性(xing)。熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器有(you)各種不同的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)特性(xing)曲線，可以適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)不同類型保護對(dui)象的(de)(de)(de)需要。
熔斷器(qi)的工作原理
熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器的(de)(de)工(gong)作原則是一個(ge)簡(jian)單的(de)(de)I2R與時間的(de)(de)關系。電(dian)流(liu)越(yue)大，熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)或開(kai)路(lu)時間越(yue)短(duan)。熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器的(de)(de)功(gong)耗與通過(guo)熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器的(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)平方(fang)成(cheng)正比。當功(gong)耗過(guo)高時，熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)特性同樣適用(yong)于受熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器保護(hu)的(de)(de)線束。如(ru)果產生(sheng)的(de)(de)熱量(liang)超過(guo)散發的(de)(de)熱量(liang)，熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器的(de)(de)溫度就會(hui)增(zeng)加，當溫度升到熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器的(de)(de)熔(rong)絲(si)熔(rong)點時熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器就發生(sheng)熔(rong)斷(duan)(duan)亦即斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)電(dian)路(lu)起到保護(hu)作用(yong)。
使(shi)用維護
低壓(ya)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統中熔(rong)斷器是(shi)起安全(quan)保護(hu)(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的一種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器，熔(rong)斷器廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)網保護(hu)(hu)和用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)保護(hu)(hu)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)網或用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)發生短路故(gu)障或過載(zai)時，可自(zi)動切斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，避免電(dian)(dian)(dian)器設備(bei)損(sun)壞，防(fang)止事故(gu)蔓延(yan)。
熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器由(you)絕緣(yuan)底座（或支(zhi)持件(jian)）、觸(chu)頭、熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)等(deng)組(zu)成(cheng)，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)是熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器的(de)主要工作部分，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)相當于(yu)(yu)串聯在電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)的(de)一(yi)段(duan)特(te)殊的(de)導線，當電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)發(fa)生短路(lu)(lu)或過載(zai)時，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)因過熱而(er)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)化，從而(er)切斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)常做成(cheng)絲(si)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、柵狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或片(pian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)。熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)材料(liao)具有(you)相對熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點低、特(te)性穩定(ding)、易于(yu)(yu)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)的(de)特(te)點。一(yi)般采用(yong)鉛錫合金、鍍(du)銀銅片(pian)、鋅、銀等(deng)金屬。在熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)切斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)過程中(zhong)會產生電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)，為了安(an)全有(you)效地熄滅(mie)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)，一(yi)般均將(jiang)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)體(ti)(ti)安(an)裝(zhuang)在熔(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器殼體(ti)(ti)內，采取措施(shi)，快(kuai)速熄滅(mie)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)。
熔斷器(qi)具有(you)結構簡單、使用方便、價(jia)格(ge)低(di)(di)廉等優點，在低(di)(di)壓(ya)系(xi)統中(zhong)廣泛被(bei)應(ying)用。
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